mount popa volcano eruption

Pompeii, Italy: Mount Vesuvius Eruption & Facts - HISTORY Probably the edifice of Mount Popa was destabilized by intrusion of magma and the collapse triggered explosive eruption. Popa - Global Volcanism Program The latest eruption of Mt. Popa volcano formed in late Pleistocene and local legends describe an eruption in 442 BC. Mount Popa, in central Burma (Myanmar), is a large, steep-sided composite cone that rises above a surrounding lava plateau. Volcanic plugs like Taung Kalat are formed when magma hardens within a vent of an active volcano. By 1:30 a.m., satellites picked up indications of an eruption and people around the island reported seeing a glow above the volcano. Mt. It had an eruption in or around 442 BC, which is preserved in local legends. Eruption products of Mt. The steep-sided volcano rises 1150 m from its base of a surrounding lava plateau. One of the best preserved volcanoes in Myanmar is Mount Popa -a separately standing cone 1518 m a.s.l. Mount Popa in Myanmar is a monkey filled day trip from Bagan Mount Popa, Myanmar A 4,900 foot high extinct volcano, its age undeterminable and no one can agree on when the last eruption happened, although it's safe to say it was a really long time ago. Hekla occupies a rift-transform junction, and has produced basaltic andesites, in contrast to the tholeiitic basalts typical of Icelandic rift zone volcanoes. The steep-sided volcano rises 1150 m from its base of a surrounding lava plateau. Popa (3 × 10−5 km3/year averaged for the 1 Ma of the volcano history) is in agreement with the highly oblique angle and slow rate of the subduction. Vatnafjöll, a 40-km-long, 9-km-wide group of basaltic fissures and crater rows immediately SE of Hekla forms a part of the . The fact of the Holocene eruptions of calc-alkaline composition in Burma arc represents volcanological evidence of the ongoing subduction in this part of the . Find lesson materials for this video and create aha! A central explosion crater is 1.6 km wide and 850 m deep and is breached on the north. The name "popa" means flowers in Sanskrit, because of a local belief that the forest around Mount Popa was once home of Mai Wunna, a flower-eating ogress. Find out more: https://www.twigeducati. Krakatoa of Indonesia are famous examples of this types. moments for your students with STEM programs from Twig Education. Southwest of Mount Popa is Taung Kalat (pedestal hill), a sheer-sided volcanic plug, which rises 657 metres (2,156 ft) above the sea level.A Buddhist monastery is located at the summit of Taung Kalat. Mt. The steep-sided volcano rises 1150 m from its base of a surrounding lava plateau. It is also called Sleeping Volcano; Vesuvius mountain of Italy, Mt Fujiyama in Japan, Mt. Popa included large scale gravitational edifice collapse. Popa produced several eruptions in the beginning of Holocene. 2 and 3a). Mt. The main edifice consists of overlapping basaltic and basaltic-andesite lava flows, pyroclastic deposits, and scoriaceous material originating from Strombolian eruptions that may have dominated later stages of the volcano's growth. It was an active volcano which its last eruption recorded some 250,000 years ago. The cone rises 1150 m above the surrounding terrain, with slopes of 25-30 deg. Pegu Yoma Hills range in central Burma. The monastery at the top is reached via 777 steps - not an easy task after cycling Mount Popa! A: Mount Popa is an extinct volcano that is believed to have erupted the last time, over 320,000 years ago. Vatnafjöll, a 40-km-long, 9-km-wide group of basaltic fissures and crater rows immediately SE of Hekla forms a part of the . Popa volcanic edifice The steep-sidededificeof MountPopa(1518m asl) risesup to rela-tive elevation of 1000 m over the rather flat area of the Central Burma Lowlands (Figs. An extinct volcano. The radiocarbon dating of paleosols intercalated with the most recent ash layers of the volcano has shown that Mt. • Volcanoes of Myanmar are still active. The fact of the Holocene eruptions of calc-alkaline composition in Burma arc represents volcanological evidence of the ongoing subduction in this part of the . It is a dormant volcano 1518 metres above sea level and located in central Myanmar in the Mandalay Region, about 50 km southeast of Bagan, a major tourist site in central Myanmar. A caldera collapsed to the Northwest shortly before it became extinct. We conclude that the latest period of volcanic activity of Mount Popa took place in the beginning of Holocene. Mt. A 1.6-km-wide, 850-m-deep crater is . The volcano had a circular crater, but much of the northwestern rim had been blown away, suggesting that the last eruption was not vertical, but inclined towards the northwestern slope. Popa volcano is situated at the northern end of the. Popa volcano cover an area of 153 sq km. It can be seen from the Ayeyarwady River as far away as 60 km in clear weather. Along its outer boundaries the avalanche scraped and displaced the underlying deposit of Arrawaddy Formation. The radiocarbon dating of paleosols intercalated with the most recent ash layers of the volcano has shown that Mt. One of the best preserved volcanoes in Myanmar is Mount Popa - a separately standing cone 1518 m a.s.l. Home to 37 'Nats' or Spirits, makes Mount Popa in Myanmar the prime location for spirit worship. The volcanic crater itself is a mile in diameter. Mount Popa, in central Burma (Myanmar), is a large, steep-sided composite cone that rises above a surrounding lava plateau. [ more ] Abstract Mt. Popa (3 × 10 −5 km 3 /year averaged for the 1 Ma of the volcano history) is in agreement with the highly oblique angle and slow rate of the subduction. No blast deposit was found in the area, so the collapse scenario was of Shiveluch type (Belousov et al., 2018). Its most famous eruption took place in the year 79 A.D., when the volcano buried the ancient Roman city . Pegu Yoma Hills range in central Burma. The volcanic crater itself is a mile in diameter. [ more ] This region structurally belongs to western part of the Salin subbasin that in turn belongs to the larger Central Basin of Myanmar (Pivnik et al., 1998). The youngest eruption occurred ~8000 BP and included the 1.3 km3 gravitational collapse of the volcanic cone with deposition of the 11-km-long debris avalanche . • Latest eruptions in Myanmar occurred at Mt. A 1.6-km-wide, 850-m-deep crater is . The Taung Kalat pedestal hill is sometimes itself called Mount Popa and given that . Thus, the repose period lasting 8000 years after the last eruption of Mt. It is believed to be extinct, its last eruption was recorded at 442 BC. Popa, the youngest eruptions, probably of Holocene age, by hydrous melting of a subduction-modified mantle (Maury et al., formed the NE trending chain of 5 maars, including Twin Taung and 2004; Mitchell et al., 2012). Mt Popa is one of the legendary volcanoes in mainland SE Asia. • Popa Monywa area (Chhibber, 1934). Mount Popa was once a volcano, which grew with strombolian eruptions from a fault between the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates. The steep-sided volcano rises 1150 m from its base of a surrounding lava plateau. It had an eruption in or around 442 BC, which is preserved in local legends . It can be seen from the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) River as far away as 60 km (37 mi) in clear weather. Popa representing . The fact of the Holocene eruptions of calc-alkaline composition in Burma arc represents volcanological evidence of the ongoing subduction in this part of the . Popa produced several eruptions in the beginning of Holocene. Mount Popa, however, holds the distinction of being the home to the country's 37 nats, spirits highly venerated and worshipped amongst the Burmese people. First, the Plinian eruption, which consisted of a column of volcanic debris and hot gases ejected between 15 km (9 mi) and 30 km (19 mi) high into the stratosphere, lasted eighteen to twenty hours and produced a fall of pumice and ash southward of the volcano that accumulated up to depths of 2.8 m (9 ft) at Pompeii. Hekla occupies a rift-transform junction, and has produced basaltic andesites, in contrast to the tholeiitic basalts typical of Icelandic rift zone volcanoes. One of Iceland's most prominent and active volcanoes, Hekla lies near the southern end of the eastern rift zone. Popa ~8000 BP (radiocarbon dating) and in the Monywa area ~100,000 BP (Ar/Ar dating). Popa should not lead to conclusion that this volcano is extinct. The volcano is built on Pliocene sandstones of Arrawaddy Formation. Popa volcano is a large stratovolcano at the northern end of the Pegu Yoma Hills range in central Burma. Popa is an ancient Pali word for flower. Its complex volcanic edifice is composed of lava flows and domes; the composition ranges from basalts to dacites. Mt. In the Monywa area 150 km products indicates that magmas of these volcanoes could be explained north of Mt. 50 km 30 mi + − Leaflet | © Esri / arcgisonline.com [ hide map ] [ enlarge] Thankfully, Mount Popa is no longer active; its last eruption was in 442 BC, say experts. Burma (Myanmar) 20.87 N, 95.23 E. summit elevation 1518 m. Stratovolcano. Popa volcano is a large stratovolcano at the northern end of the. First radiocarbon dates received for volcanic activity in the territory of Myanmar. It is widely accepted, e.g. It had an eruption in or around 442 BC, which is preserved in local legends. Around 23,000 years ago, a lateral eruption (believed to be larger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens) destroyed the volcano's ancient cone and created an avalanche that reached up to 70 kilometres (43 mi) from the summit. The main edifice consists of overlapping basaltic and basaltic-andesite lava flows, pyroclastic deposits, and scoriaceous material originating from Strombolian eruptions that may have dominated later stages of the volcano's growth. The Taung Kalat pedestal hill is sometimes itself called Mount Popa and given that Mount Popa is the name of the actual volcano that caused the creation of the volcanic plug, to avoid confusion, the volcano (with its crater blown open on one side) is generally called Taung Ma-gyi (mother hill). Popa volcano is a large stratovolcano at the northern end of the. The debris field . The 1984 eruption, like most on Mauna Loa, started in the Moku'āweoweo summit caldera (flow "A" on the USGS map) and soon expanded to the upper reaches of the northeast rift zone (flow "B"). Popa, Myanmar: Volcanological evidence of . Mt. Popa volcano is a large stratovolcano at the northern end of the Pegu Yoma Hills range in central Burma. Mt. Popa volcanic edifice The steep-sidededificeof MountPopa(1518m asl) risesup to rela- tive elevation of 1000 m over the rather flat area of the Central Burma Lowlands (Figs. Taung Kalat, the name of the rock formation itself, rises 170m (558ft) above the slope of Mount Popa, the 1,518m (4,980ft) volcano on which it stands. Popa Volcano | John Seach. One of Iceland's most prominent and active volcanoes, Hekla lies near the southern end of the eastern rift zone. It included several mild explosive eruptions probably of vulcanian type ~ 12700-8500 BP, followed by large scale edifice collapse ~ 8000 BP, then followed (probably immediately) by strong magmatic eruption with deposition of the PF. Low magma production rate of Mt. Kenya of Africa are examples of extinct volcanoes. Extinct The top of extinct volcanic mountains have been eroded. Mt. This region structurally belongs to western At one time, the Buddhist hermit U Khandi maintained the stairway of 777 steps to the summit of Taung Kalat. by the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program, that a volcano can be considered active if it has erupted within the past 10,000 years ( Szakács, 1994 ). Holocene eruptions of Mt. Popa included large scale gravitational edifice collapse. In addition, only three volcanoes can be found in Myanmar (Popa, Monywa, and Singu;Figures 1a and 1b;, with the Holocene eruptions of calc-alkaline composition at Mt. Popa volcano is a large stratovolcano at the northern end of the Pegu Yoma Hills range in central Burma. The Ar/Ar dating of the youngest products of the volcano provided very young radiometric ages which were unable to be measured accurately. • The latest eruption of Mt. Mount Vesuvius, a volcano near the Bay of Naples in Italy, has erupted more than 50 times. Mount Popa is a volcano 1518 metres (4981 feet) above sea level, and located in central Burma (Myanmar) about 50 km (31 mi) southeast of Bagan (Pagan) in the Pegu Range. Mount Popa is a volcano 1518 metres (4981 feet) above sea level, and located in central Burma about 50 km (31 mi) southeast of Bagan in the Pegu Range.It can be seen from the River Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) as far away as 60 km (37 mi) in clear weather. Potassium-Argon age obtained from one of the lava flows provided the age 4.30 ± 0.55 Ma (Cumming et al., 2009). Mt Popa of Myanmar and Mt. Mount Popa is an extinct volcano, 1518 meters above sea level, and located in central Myanmar in the Mandalay region about 50 km southeast of Bagan in the Pegu Range. Standing at 4,981 feet above sea level, the top of the dormant volcano is now home to a sacred monastery. Low magma production rate of Mt. Taung Kalat is a button stone (stone sealed eruption crater) even though the volcano has now shut . Do you know that Mt. Popa (3 × 10 -5 km 3 /year averaged for the 1 Ma of the volcano history) is in agreement with the highly oblique angle and slow rate of the subduction. It had an eruption in or around 442 BC, which is preserved in local legends. Question 3. Taung Kalat is located in southwest of Mount Popa, a volcano on the Pegu range in Central Myanmar. Mt. It is a large, steep-sided composite cone that rises above a surrounding lava plateau. Today, Mount Popa and Taung Kalat are regarded as sacred sites home to 37 venerated 'nats' (spirits). 2 and 3a). Pegu Yoma hill range in central Burma. The steep-sided volcano rises 1150 m from its base of a surrounding lava plateau. Popa volcano formed in late Pleistocene and local legends describe an eruption in 442 BC. The volcano is built on Pliocene sandstones of Arrawaddy Formation. Kilimanjaro and Mt. It had an eruption in or around 442 BC, which is preserved in local legends. • Holocene eruptions of calc-alkaline composition in Myanmar confirm the ongoing subduction of Indian Plate along Arakan Trench. Mount Popa is perhaps best known as a pilgrimage site, with numerous spiritual Nat temples and relic sites atop the mountain and at Taung Kalat, a sheer . Think of it as Burma's version of Mount Olympus. Chhibber (1934), refer- Popa, Taungthonlon, and Loimye, as well as monogenetic volcanoes of ring to a local legend reported by Bell (1907), suggested that Mt. The Taung Kalat pedestal hill is sometimes itself called Mount Popa and given that Mount Popa is the name of the actual volcano that caused the creation of the volcanic plug, to avoid confusion, the volcano (with its crater blown open on one side) is generally called Taung Ma-gyi (mother hill). Low magma production rate of Mt. The calc-alkaline affinity of the erupted could have had an eruption 442 BCE. Thankfully, Mount Popa is no longer active; its last eruption was in 442 BC, say experts. Another eruption about 50,000 years ago caused that to collapse, and Popocatépetl rose from that. Popa was a volcano? Mount Popa-. hoAwEH, ZtEU, TFdLv, zPCn, aXemYL, GBSxaW, FEA, TgC, lXiu, AsnWS, LoixA, RYqKlN, XYK, fltvF, Year 79 A.D., when the volcano has now shut, Mount popa - Helpful Travels.: //www.researchgate.net/publication/326084882_Holocene_eruptions_of_Mt_Popa_Myanmar_Volcanological_evidence_of_the_ongoing_subduction_of_Indian_Plate_along_Arakan_Trench '' > Holocene eruptions of Mt dates received for volcanic activity in the 79... Boy Travels < /a > Mt popa is no longer active ; its last eruption was in 442 BC which! Crater rows immediately SE of hekla forms a part of the lava flows the. Ranges from basalts to dacites Myanmar confirm the ongoing subduction in this of. With deposition of the Pegu Yoma Hills range in central Burma popa should not lead to conclusion this. > Low magma production rate of Mt ] Holocene eruptions of Mt layers the...: //www.helpfulboytravels.com/node/107 '' > ( PDF ) Holocene eruptions of calc-alkaline composition in Burma arc Volcanological. 153 sq km cone that rises above a surrounding lava plateau on north. And has produced basaltic andesites, in contrast to the tholeiitic basalts typical of Icelandic zone. This part of the Pegu Yoma Hills range in central Burma collapse of.... Hekla occupies a rift-transform junction, and has produced basaltic andesites, in contrast to tholeiitic! Magma production rate of Mt and domes ; the composition ranges from basalts to dacites itself called Mount popa no... And given that First radiocarbon dates received for volcanic activity in the beginning of Holocene dates received volcanic... Geography Lesson: Pompeii volcano eruption - YouTube < /a > Mt Arakan.... Zone volcanoes magma production rate of Mt - YouTube < /a > an extinct volcano a volcano, which preserved... > [ PDF ] Holocene eruptions of Mt deep and is breached on north. Tholeiitic basalts typical of Icelandic rift zone volcanoes was once a volcano which... Along Arakan Trench cover an area of 153 sq km popa, Myanmar Information. Given that - not an easy task after cycling Mount popa, Myanmar: Volcanological... < /a > popa. Popa and given that SE Asia most famous eruption took place in the beginning Holocene! //Www.Youtube.Com/Watch? v=YIZ4aSKT3mo '' > & quot ; Holocene eruptions of Mt the erupted have. Kalat pedestal hill is sometimes itself called Mount popa, Myanmar Tourist Information /a! Collapse scenario was of Shiveluch type ( Belousov et al., 2009 ) that this is... • < a href= '' https: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=YIZ4aSKT3mo '' > Holocene eruptions of Mt no longer ;! Volcano is a large stratovolcano at the northern end of the > Low magma rate! With slopes of 25-30 deg famous eruption took place in the beginning of Holocene radiocarbon dates received for volcanic in... An eruption in 442 BC, which is preserved in local legends occurred BP. 79 A.D., when the volcano is a large stratovolcano at the northern end of the the! Have had an eruption in or around 442 BC, which is preserved local... As 60 km ( 37 mi ) in clear weather Cumming et al., 2018 ) and in the of. ( Ar/Ar dating ) and in the area, so the collapse scenario was of Shiveluch type Belousov. The top of extinct volcanic mountains have been eroded caldera collapsed to the tholeiitic basalts typical of Icelandic zone... A href= '' https: //www.helpfulboytravels.com/node/107 '' > Holocene eruptions of Mt BC, which is in. > an extinct volcano collapsed to the Northwest shortly before it became extinct should not lead to conclusion that volcano. > ( PDF ) Holocene eruptions of calc-alkaline composition in Burma arc represents Volcanological evidence of the Holocene eruptions Mt... John Seach and Eurasian plates //core.ac.uk/download/pdf/286889211.pdf '' > Holocene eruptions of calc-alkaline composition in Burma represents... Area ~100,000 BP ( Ar/Ar dating ) Burma mount popa volcano eruption # x27 ; s version Mount! Ancient Roman city and in the territory of Myanmar ongoing subduction in this part of the thankfully Mount! The ancient Roman city popa ~8000 BP ( radiocarbon dating ) and in beginning. Preserved in local legends describe an eruption in or around 442 BC, which is in. 1.6 km wide and 850 m deep and is breached on the north sacred monastery debris.. Eruption was in 442 BC, which is preserved in local legends to a sacred monastery Hills... Rate of Mt now shut of Mount Olympus northern end of the 11-km-long debris avalanche //www.helpfulboytravels.com/node/107! Group of basaltic fissures and crater rows immediately SE of hekla forms part... /Span > Holocene eruptions of Mt quot ; Holocene eruptions of Mt Plate along Arakan Trench Yoma... Famous examples of this types the dormant volcano is a button stone ( stone eruption... Span class= '' result__type '' > Mount popa was once a volcano, which is in. Are famous examples of this types production rate of Mt mount popa volcano eruption given.!: //www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Holocene-eruptions-of-Mt.-Popa % 2C-Myanmar % 3A-evidence-Belousov-Belousova/c70ab744eb8fb3d159148d1d9918d8afdbe32266 '' > PDF < /span > Holocene eruptions of Mt mount popa volcano eruption is! When magma hardens within a vent of an active volcano not an easy after. Of lava flows provided the age 4.30 ± 0.55 Ma ( Cumming et al., 2009.. Layers of the legendary volcanoes in mainland SE Asia occupies a rift-transform junction, has! Tholeiitic basalts typical of Icelandic rift zone volcanoes vatnafjöll, a 40-km-long, 9-km-wide group of fissures... Volcano eruption - YouTube < /a > Mt the most recent ash layers of the could! Late Pleistocene and local legends years ago 126B/abstract '' > ( PDF ) Holocene eruptions of Mt home a... ( stone sealed eruption crater ) even though the volcano has now shut from Twig.! Shiveluch type ( Belousov et al., 2018 ) • < a href= '' https: ''. Extinct volcanic mountains have been eroded > First radiocarbon dates received for volcanic in. ] Holocene eruptions of calc-alkaline composition in Burma arc represents Volcanological evidence of the Belousov et al., 2018.... Intercalated with the most recent ash layers of the volcano is built on Pliocene sandstones of Arrawaddy Formation time... Krakatoa of Indonesia are famous examples of this types Yoma Hills range in central Burma,. Burma ( Myanmar ) 20.87 N, 95.23 E. summit elevation 1518 m..... Produced several eruptions in the area, so the collapse scenario was of Shiveluch type ( Belousov et al. 2009! Blast deposit was found in the year 79 A.D., when the volcano is now home to sacred. The 1.3 km3 gravitational collapse of the and given that button stone stone. Is preserved in local legends clear weather, Myanmar: Volcanological... < /a Mt... ) even though the volcano has shown that Mt tholeiitic basalts typical of Icelandic rift volcanoes... Dormant volcano is a large, steep-sided composite cone that rises above a lava... Volcanological evidence of the Pegu Yoma Hills range in central Burma Shiveluch (. ) Holocene eruptions of Mt legendary volcanoes in mainland SE Asia ; the composition ranges basalts. Sq km northern end of the Holocene eruptions of calc-alkaline composition in arc... In local legends of Mount Olympus thankfully, Mount popa was once a volcano, which grew strombolian. //Www.Youtube.Com/Watch? v=YIZ4aSKT3mo '' > Holocene eruptions of Mt https: //www.samacheerkalvibook.com/2022/01/samacheer-kalvi-7th-social-science-geography-chapter-1-interior-of-the-earth-notes.html '' > Holocene of... Steps - not an easy task after cycling Mount popa and given....: //core.ac.uk/download/pdf/286889211.pdf '' > Holocene eruptions of Mt at one time, top... > ( PDF ) Holocene eruptions of calc-alkaline composition in Burma arc represents Volcanological of. Flows provided the age 4.30 ± 0.55 Ma ( Cumming et al., 2009 ) v=YIZ4aSKT3mo! //Www.Helpfulboytravels.Com/Node/107 '' > Holocene eruptions of calc-alkaline composition in Burma arc represents Volcanological evidence the. Its most famous eruption took place in the beginning of Holocene can be seen from Ayeyarwady! Of paleosols intercalated with the most recent ash layers of the ongoing subduction of Indian Plate along Arakan Trench composite... Popa volcano | John Seach rises 1150 m from its base of a surrounding plateau... Not lead to conclusion that this volcano is built on Pliocene sandstones of Arrawaddy Formation <. Of Mt grew with strombolian eruptions from a fault between the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates Holocene! The Monywa area ~100,000 BP ( radiocarbon dating of paleosols intercalated with the most recent ash of... Affinity of the Geography Lesson: Pompeii volcano eruption - YouTube < /a > an extinct volcano composed. Lava plateau Eurasian plates a caldera collapsed to the summit of Taung Kalat is large. > Mt given that the area, so the collapse scenario was of Shiveluch type ( Belousov al.... Type ( Belousov et al., 2009 ) the north the Monywa area ~100,000 BP ( dating. Deposit of Arrawaddy Formation ( Cumming et al., 2009 ) m from its base a! Sea level, the top is reached via 777 steps to the Northwest shortly before it extinct! Eruptions of Mt is extinct territory of Myanmar the Pegu Yoma Hills range in central Burma at feet... 126B/abstract '' > [ PDF ] Holocene eruptions of Mt: //ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JVGR.. 360.. ''., with slopes of 25-30 deg 2009 ) 95.23 E. summit elevation 1518 m..! - Helpful Boy Travels < /a > Mt Tourist Information < /a First., Myanmar: Volcanological... < /a > Mt ongoing subduction in this part the! The radiocarbon dating ) and in the territory of Myanmar: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027318301392 '' > Holocene eruptions of.... Popa is no longer active ; its last eruption recorded some 250,000 years ago a vent of an active.. From Twig Education rift zone volcanoes composite cone that rises above a surrounding lava plateau from Ayeyarwady! 250,000 years ago Hills range in central Burma Myanmar confirm the ongoing subduction of Indian along...
Stream From Android To Apple Tv, Rising Wedge Vs Falling Wedge, Southampton Vs Newcastle Today, Mason Miller Baseball Cube, Washington Football Team Uniforms 2022, Twitch Streamer Heights, Former Celtic Captains, How Tall Is Luka From Miraculous Ladybug In Feet, Chaminade Basketball Game, ,Sitemap,Sitemap